Hawala is
defined as a system to transfer money
across border ‘…based on trust and operating through network
based … on regional or ethnic affiliation rather than through banks and
financial institutions’.[1] In
other words it is defined as a system which transfers money around the world
without any actual money movement.[2] The
Financial Action Task Force (FATF), quotes number of terms to refer to hawala,
such as (i) as informal funds transfer; (ii) alternative remittance; (iii) underground or parallel banking; (v) a relationship;
or (iv) intermediary banking.[3] In
Arabic language, the term ‘hawala’ means ‘change’ or ‘transform’; by contrast,
in Hindi or Urdu it refers to ‘trust’; the terms ‘hawala’ and ‘hundi’ are also used
in India and Pakistan interchangeably.[4]
It is said
that the hawala money transfer functions as a financial services provider in
those remote parts of the world where normally the banking systems are
unreachable.[5] Besides,
other view is that it is also a means to transfer valuables or more precise
consideration between multiple contracting parties. Therefore, it would be more
appropriate to call it an Informal Value Transfer System (IVTS), instead of an
informal money-transfer system.[6]
Practical example of hawala money transfer: Mr. A, an
Omani immigrant living in the United States wishes to send his earning to Mr.
B, his brother in his native land. For that Mr. A, contacts Mr. Y, who works as
a hawaladar[7] for hawala
money transfer in the United States. Then, Mr. Y, the hawaladar by his own
links contacts hawaladar Mr. Z, in Oman and request the same amount to be
transferred to Mr. B. Thus, Mr. B, in Oman, gets
the amount sent by his brother Mr. A, from the United Sates.[8]
From a user’s perspective, the hawala money transfer
is considered as faster, safer and more cost-effective than the formal money
transfers, both, internally or across the borders. One of the reason being cost
effective may be that it functions concealed from the governmental authorities
and thus avoid governmental levies, for example, taxes
etc. Moreover, informal hawala money transfer facilitates trade between the regions where the conventional banking instruments are considered
unsafe, weak or null to exist. It is also said that the purpose of developing
hawala was to facilitate the trade between distant regions at a time or in regions
where conventional banking instruments were either absent, weak or unsafe.[9]
By comparison, with low cost and using the minimum
or no use of negotiable instrument in hawala transaction.[10] It can be
argued that the hawala transaction (i) lacks a path which provides certain
rules and regulations to be observed in order to perform any transaction with
respect to money or other valuables; (ii) lacks transparency; (iii) stabilizes illegal
immigrant community; (v) unlimited transactions take place without subject to
taxes and other governmental charges. The FAFT is of the view
that the IVTS is both, simple as well as complex. It is simple in a sense
that it keeps the system to operate as basic as receiving or transferring the cash.
Whereas, it is complex because it may rely on a series of some unrelated
operations at the clearing or settlement phase of the process.[11]
[1] Bryan A Garner (ed. in chief) Black’s Law Dictionary (West 2009) 786
[2] Bala
Shanmugam, ‘Hawala and money laundering: a Malaysian perspective’ (2004) 8(1) 38
[3] FATF, Money Laundering & Terrorist Financing Typologies
2004-2005 (10 June 2005) <http://web.archive.org/web/20050616064013/http://www.fatf-gafi.org/dataoecd/16/8/35003256.pdf>
accessed 1 February 2015; Angela Leong, The disruption of international organised crime : an
analysis of legal and non-legal strategies (Ashgate 2007) 36
[4] Shanmugam (n 2)
37
[5] ibid 38
[7] Hawaladar is a person
who performs the number of unrelated transactions to complete the hawala money
transfer. Moreover, halawadars operate on both sides, at the source and at the
destination. Notably, the relation between the hawaladars at source and at destination functions solely on trust, without any kinship or connection, thus independently. Furthermore, majority of the hawaladars perform that IVTS as a
part-time business, along-with their main business. FATF on Money Laundering, Report on Money Laundering Typologies
1999-2000 (3 February 2000) <http://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/1999%202000%20ENG.pdf>
accessed 1 February
[8] Patrick M
Jost and Harjit Singh Sandhu, ‘The
hawala alternative remittance system and its role in money laundering’ (FinCEN and INTERPOL/FOPAC January 2000) <http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/terrorist-illicit-finance/Documents/FinCEN-Hawala-rpt.pdf>
accessed 1 February 2015
[9] U4 Anti Corruption Resource Centre, ‘Hawala remittance system and
money laundering’ (23 May 2008) <http://www.u4.no/publications/hawala-remittance-system-and-money-laundering>
accessed 1 February 2015
[10] Jost and
Sandhu (n 8)
[11] FAFT Report
2004-2005 (n 3) 6
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